Full definition
An extremely hard composite material consisting of tungsten carbide (WC) particles sintered in a metallic binder matrix, typically cobalt (Co, 3-25% by weight). Hardness: 1,300-1,700 HV (Vickers), second only to diamond among practical engineering materials. Compressive strength: 3,500-7,000 MPa. Transverse rupture strength: 1,000-4,000 MPa depending on grain size and cobalt content (more cobalt = tougher but softer). Grades: fine grain (0.2-0.8 μm, for precision cutting tools), medium grain (1-3 μm, general purpose), coarse grain (3-6 μm, mining and wear parts). Applications: cutting tool inserts (CNC turning, milling, drilling — ISO classification P/M/K), mining drill bits, wear nozzles, ball mill grinding media, HVOF thermal spray coatings (for pump components, shafts, and valve seats), and seal faces. Per ISO 513 for cutting tool grades. Manufacture: powder metallurgy — WC powder + Co binder, pressed and sintered at 1,350-1,500°C. Brands: Sandvik, Kennametal, Ceratizit, Seco. Recycling of WC scrap is well established.